The United States Forest Service - 1605 Words

The United States Forest Service is in favor of logging to a certain extent but there are several groups that oppose logging in the United States. Groups such as NativeForest.org and EarthRoots.org state that logging in the United States and specifically in industrial areas has led to deforestation and near extinction of many animals. Forests cover 31% of the land area on the planet. They produce vital oxygen and provide homes for people and wildlife. Many of the world’s most threatened and endangered animals live in forests, and 1.6 billion people rely on benefits forests offer, including food, fresh water, clothing, traditional medicine and shelter. However, forests around the world are under threat from deforestation, jeopardizing these benefits. Deforestation comes in many forms, including fires, clear-cutting for agriculture, ranching and development, unsustainable logging for timber, and degradation due to climate change. This impacts people’s livelihoods and threatens a wide range of plant and animal species. Some 46-58 thousand square miles of forest are lost each year, which is equivalent to 36 football fields every minute. Forests play a critical role in mitigating climate change because they act as a carbon sink soaking up carbon dioxide that would otherwise be free in the atmosphere and contribute to ongoing changes in climate patterns. Deforestation undermines this important carbon sink function. It is estimated that 15% of all greenhouse gas emissions are theShow MoreRelatedChief Executive : The President Of The United States Forest Service1514 Words   |  7 Pagespresident has the power to Enforce laws, act as administrator of the federal bureaucracy, issue executive orders, and appoint and remove judges and other high ranking officials in the government. The first person to go was Chief of the United States Forest Service,Gifford Pinchot, due to a scandal involving U.S. Secretary of Interior, Richard Ballinger.Ballinger accused Roosevelt of using his power improperly by moving large tracts of public lands into reserve status.Interior employee Luis GalvisRead MoreThe Cause For Increasing Fire Ac tivity Is Climate Change1265 Words   |  6 Pagesenable fuel moistures decline and fires are able to take off and engulf millions of acres a year in fire. In turn, fires, more specifically large ones, emit enormous amounts of exhaust. In a study conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture, the agency through which the Forest Service is operated out of, Liu, Goodrick, and Heilman stated that fire emissions help to worsen climate change. The main components of fire emissions are carbon dioxide, organic carbon, and black carbon. Carbon dioxideRead MoreEssay On The Fire705 Words   |  3 PagesFor a young boy, it was intimidating and made the prayer that surrounded the light switch to my bedroom all the more significant: â€Å"Bless this house oh Lord I pray, make it safe through night and day.† At some point every summer, the western United States burns and no one who doesn’t live there seems to take notice. This year, however, the burning was nothing less than catastrophic, and the reaction was the same – barely a notice. In fact, this year was one of those generational burns that whileRead MoreResearch Article On Fires And Climate Change1026 Words   |  5 Pagesfor funding this research project was the United States Department of Agriculture/United States Forest Service. In addition, the researchers all are scientists that work for the US Forest Service in their research stations. This paper has a fair amount of ethos associated with it. It was conducted by a government institution and was written by government scientists who specialized in this area. The article was also published in a peer reviewed journal, Forest Ecology and Management. Additionally, theRead MoreNational Environmental Policy Act ( Usfs )2252 Words   |  10 Pagesestablished the Heal thy Forest Initiative. This was his response to a multitude of forest fires during the year 2000. The initiative would allow for swift responses to the threats of wildfires. The process in which the United States Forest Service (USFS) goes about reducing the forest fires includes the thinning of forests by timbering, and removal of hazardous materials such as small trees, species of brush and shrub, logs, stumps, and whatever material could lead to an increase in forest fires or theirRead MoreConservation vs. Preservation894 Words   |  4 PagesDear Editor, I am writing to you in regard to the Bridger -Teton National Forest. It is â€Å"the largest intact ecosystem in the lower 48 United States. Offering nearly 1.2 million acres of designated Wilderness, over 3,000 miles of road and trail and thousands of miles of unspoiled rivers and streams.† (USDA Forest Service) I am appealing to you as a conservationist. I believe that the natural resources of the forest can be of great help to us. As we experience this oil and gas crisis in the USRead MoreLand of the Free, Unless You Are a Tree772 Words   |  3 Pagesnot only the Appalachian Trail (where the story takes place), but throughout the United States. He contributes a mass amount of the damage to the logging industry’s over logging and the mass deforesting to create the roads to the logging sites. As I read the book I became more and more interested in the effects of logging, so I made it my goal was to find to what extent the logging industry and National Forest Services have contributed to deforestation in the U.S. My first article was a researchRead MoreThe Fire Of Yellowstone National Parks2437 Words   |  10 PagesEvery year in the U.S there are incidents that occurred dealing with fires in the forest. This is when wild land firefighting comes in to action. Advancements in firefighting have improved in the past such as improvement in technology in fighting fires, equipment being used, and different preventions to take in action to help incidents from becoming destructive and uncontrollable, and lastly knowing history because we remember and learn from the experiences of the past. Wild land firefighting isRead More A Human For Nature Essay1585 Words   |  7 Pagesaddress. In focusing on Theodore Roosevelt, we will find a basis for preservation in America. We will also explore some of the preservation actions that take place in our world today. The original forests in the United States covered an extremely large amount of land. It is estimated that forests took up roughly 1 billion acres of land, including Alaska5. The first to manipulate the land were the Native Americans who used tools and fire to convert the land to their needs. Areas were cleared forRead MoreUranium in the Four Corners Essay749 Words   |  3 Pagesthe United States Forest Service for allowing Energy Fuel Resources Inc. to operate a mine under a 1986 federal environmental review without tribal consultation. The Canyon mine was previously in non-operational status due to low uranium stock prices in 1992. Opponents of the uranium mining operation want the federal environmental review updated and point out the uranium mine’s close proximity to the Red Butte Traditional Cultural Property, which was recognized and designated by the US Forest Service

Mythical Accounts By Ancient Egypt Essay - 1724 Words

Mythical accounts by the ancient Egyptians employed narratives to express its’ social conventions and the religion’s contextual foundations and influence in society. The myths describe not only the societal hierarchy, but also enactments of rituals and a chronicled view of life in ancient Egypt gripped by religious values. Mythology employs the believer’s creative imagination, where according to Ions: â€Å"Egyptian myths†¦cannot be considered as fixed stories†¦their function in the Egyptian religion was to provide a notation of symbols with which to express ideas; if the ideas changed, then the myth also had to change.† Despite these myths appearing to be fantastical, under today’s standards, these mythical narratives and the characterization of these gods â€Å"shape the most fundamental or ultimate values† of ancient Egyptians by providing the individual with â€Å"rules laying down what ought to be done or what ought not to b e done.† The myths involve the divine gods of ancient Egypt, illustrating their origins and association with mankind. In a sense ancient Egyptians are, as Byron E. Shaffer says, trying to: â€Å"attain both a comprehension of their beliefs and practices and an appreciation of them.† It was a means to incorporate the traditional values and religion with their everyday life, where through religion, individuals in ancient Egypt are connected to the divine world of â€Å"superhuman beings [that] are conceptualized by humans, and [humans] have a place in the shared cognitiveShow MoreRelated The Myth of Exodus Essay1180 Words   |  5 Pagesof the creation of a monotheistic religion and the similarities of the Exodus myth to the ancient myths, as well as how one should approach the reading of the myth. First of all, we need to understand what a myth is. William Bascom says in his essay, â€Å"The Forms of Folklore: Prose Narratives†, â€Å"Myths are prose narratives which, in the society in which they are told, are considered to be truthful accounts of what happened in the remote past† (Dundes 9). Trying to prove the elements in the myth asRead MoreThe Legend Of Atlantis By Plato1681 Words   |  7 PagesAtlantis The legend of Atlantis was first introduced to the world at approximately 360 BC, by the ancient Greek philosopher Plato in his dialogues Timaeus and Critias who hear of the legend from Greek lawmaker Solon who was told of the tale by Egyptian priests during his visit to Egypt. In his dialogues, Plato describes an affluent and powerful nation which arose directly from the Greek God of the Sea, Poseidon. However, their opulence ceased as they became too greedy, wicked and impious which ledRead MoreEssay on The New Identity of Exodus as a Myth1950 Words   |  8 Pagestradition of generations. Many American children discover the legend of the tooth fairy at an early age. Furthermore, this mythical tale explains the meaning behind children losing their baby teeth. It marks a rite of passage between infancy and early childhood. In the strictest sense of the definition of a myth, however, the tooth fairy does not qualify as a mythical story. It does not have all of the essential tr aits. So what precisely is a myth? The Greek word for myth is â€Å"mythos†, meaningRead More12 Literary Piece1670 Words   |  7 Pagesnational theory. 9. The Song of Roland: This includes the Doce Pares and Ronces Valles of France. It tells about the Golden Age of Christianity in France. 10. The Book of the Dead: This includes the cult of Osiris and the Mythology and theology of Egypt. 11. The Book of the Days: This was written by Confucius of China. This became the basis of Christian Religion. 12. One thousand and One Night of the Arabian Nights: from Arabia and Persia(Iran). It shows the ways of government of industriesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie 300 The Battle Of Thermopylae 1560 Words   |  7 Pagesand history by using the classical past to explore social norms, accurately depict the way of life, events that occurred such as the battle of Thermopylae and the nature of people during 500 BCE. 300 is a Hollywood film that focuses primarily on ancient Greece and the battle of Thermopylae as reminisced from history and partly from Frank Miller’s novel, 300. The battle of Thermopylae was a war in which the alliance of Greek city-states such as Athens and Greece went to war against the Persian KingRead MoreComparision of Genesis with Other Creation Mythologies Essay1012 Words   |  5 Pageswillingness of knowing the self, ancient people tried to create mythological stories about the creation. One of the most famous accounts of creation is presented by the Hebrews in the Book of Genesis. Besides Genesis, almost every culture has its own creation account. Some are remarkably similar and some are contrary, but all are attempts to answer the above questions. Narrations of creation presented a variety of scenes before the beginning. Most accounts emphasis the nothingness, darknessRead MoreThe Magic and Science of Ancient Egyptian Medicine2606 Words   |  11 PagesTHE SCIENCE AND MYSTERY OF ANCIENT EGYPTIAN MEDICINE TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1. Introduction 1 2. The Edwin Smith Papyrus 2 2.1 Authorship 3 3. The Ebers papyrus 3 4. Human anatomy and physiology 4 4.1 Head, heart and thoracic cavity 4 4.2 Limbs and Injuries 5 4.3 Disease, Illness and their remedies and cures 6 5. Medicine and Dispensing 7 6. ConclusionRead MoreTraits and Values Associated with Femininity in Antigone1880 Words   |  8 PagesANTIGONE The conventionally accepted roles of both males and females in ancient Grecian society were well defined and manifested. Women were considered the weaker of the sexes and, thus, were expected to remain in the home and perform their domestic duties, while the men were to be rulers and bread-winners. The woman’s voice was not heard on any issues affecting the society as her opinions were thought unworthy of consideration. She was required merely to reproduce, to execute her domestic dutiesRead MoreAncient Olympic Games - Essay2195 Words   |  9 PagesHistory and Origin of the Ancient Olympic Games Stephanie Butcher History 301 History of Ancient Greece 05/26/2012 Introduction The ancient Olympic games represent a part of Ancient Greek history that the world continues to celebrate today. Every four years world nations gather at a specific site to compete in the Olympic games. This coming together of world nations symbolizes a time of peace and unity among the world. With every victory came honor, glory and pride for the winningRead MoreLife of Prophet Jeremiah3247 Words   |  13 Pageshis people, particularly the prophecies of Hosea, whose influence can be seen in his early messages. The era in which Jeremiah lived was one of transition for the ancient Near East. The Assyrian empire, which had been dominant for two centuries, declined and fell. Its capital, Nineveh, was captured in 612 by the Babylonians and Medes. Egypt had a brief period of resurgence under the 26th dynasty (664–525) but did not prove strong enough to establish an empire. The new world power was the Neo-Babylonian

Managing financial and non-financial resources Free Essays

Universities are institutions where students pursue higher levels of education. This institution enables the students to   study and to conduct research work in various academic fields and after completing and qualifying in their studies   they are awarded academic degrees such as the bachelors degree, master degree and the doctorate degree. The institution is headed by a board of trustees who ensure that the operations of the institution are carried out effectively. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing financial and non-financial resources or any similar topic only for you Order Now    The chancellor is usually appointed to run the institution.   The institution has many departments which are headed by various deans who ensure that the students’ affairs   and the learning affairs of the institution are run effectively and efficiently. In case of public universities they are managed by the government through the   Higher   Education Boards which   review their financial needs and   their budget proposals and then they allocate appropriate fund according to the demand of the institutions departments expenses.   The private universities are usually sponsored by private persons thus their operations are not affected by the government since they carry out their activities independently. A budget is a plan of how an organization would like to achieve its goals in the future.   It consists of estimates that the management with its personnel sets so that the operations of the institution can     run effectively.   A budget process is the procedure that is followed by an organization or a government on how to create and to approve a budget. The administrator of an organization organizes   a meeting in order to ensure that all members of the organization participate in the preparation of the budget so that the following year’s activities are adequately addressed and then the financial managers ensure that appropriate funds are allocated against the activities of the organization.   The chief executive officers reviews and approves the budgets so that they can make appropriate amendments if need be. The allocation of resources of a university in the budget process is usually made in compliance   with the university’s strategic plans .   The deans and the directors of the university develop the budget using the proposals for the university faculty.   They consult department chairmen and unit heads so that they can provide a comprehensive budget which is helpful to the particular faculty concerned.   The university vice chancellor is the last person who approves the budget so that it can be made effective and hence he or she directs on how the budget is to implemented by various personnel in the institution.. The expenditures of a university are forecasted, monitored and controlled using the following procedure.   The finance officer creates a valid account that relates to the activities that the university would like to achieve then an account number is created to those accounts .   The account is monitored by carrying one monthly reconciliations of revenues and expenditures and then comparing actual revenues and expenditures to the budget so as to determine the variance so that corrective measures can be carried out. For example for the contracts and clinical activities   Ã‚  they are prepared using invoices which are used to monitor that the terms and conditions of a company are properly followed. In case there are deficit balances on the allocated accounts they are regulated using the accounts that are associated with them .A comprehensive budget for the institution is necessary   because   there are many activities that are carried out in the institution thus   it is important to   correct the deficits that an organisation has so as to enable the institution to carry out its activities effectively   and to   enable it to achieve its   goals in the future.   The management of the university carries out internal controls when preparing the budget.   An auditor is usually appointed   carries out an   audit in   books of account   so as to ensure that the financial statements portray a true view and also ensure that the books of accounts are accurately and properly kept.   The budget can be forecast using the current years performance and the resources that are available in   the university. The manager of the institution can encourage people to share responsibility by involving them in the decision making process.   This can enable the employees of the institution to contribute their views, ideas about how to run the activities and this can help them to appreciate the operations of the company and they can enhance the implementation the ideas of an organisation. The managers of the institution can manage non-financial resources by employing qualified personnel to handle and oversee their operation since in one way or another they contribute to the success of the business. The management of the institution can also manage the non-financial resources by preparing strategic budgeting approaches which can help them to align the necessary resources so as to enhance proper strategic plans for the institution. The approaches that are used in monitoring and controlling non-financial resources are :activity based costing it is an approach that is used in the measuring the   costs of activities of an organisation this approach enables a manager not to over or under estimate his costs because since either of the two can lead the managers to not to prepare their budget properly since specific funds are allocated to particular projects of a company and this enables the activities of the institution to be carried out effectively. The other approach that can be used in monitoring and controlling the non-financial resources are the use of the balanced scorecard it is an approach that is used in evaluating the performance of the employees of the institution. It enables the management to assess themselves whether they are performing their activities as expected of them ,in case they don’t perform as expected of them they can take measures of preventing the   bad outcomes from happening in the future. The advantages of using this approaches is that they enable the management of the organisation to perform their activities effectively and once they adhere to what they   are expected to do   this   can enable the organisation to achieve its   goals and hence they enable it to have greater returns for the institution . The disadvantages of using this approaches is that they may be very costly for the organisation to implement because of inadequacy of resources to implement the projects , some people in the institution may   oppose the idea of implementing the project   because either they may   biased or they would   not like to accept changes in their institutions.. People spend money for various reasons one is to satisfy their basic needs such as to purchase food, clothing and shelter . In case of     the universities the management   spends money in order to meet their current budgets of what they would like to accomplish in a given financial year, thus in their budget they allocate specific funds for specific projects that they would like to set up in the future . The institution may plan in its budget to build more lecture rooms in order to accommodate the increasing of students that are enrolling in the institutions, since these can be a good investment since in the long run it can generate returns for the institution since the students can enroll in it due to the availability of resources that enhance learning to take place effectively. In case of universities they prepare capital budget since their expenditure is mostly associated with the purchase of infrastructure that is most preferable for the organization.   The management of the institution can be able to select a type of investment for their institution based on the risk that is involved in setting up the project and also with regard to how the plans of setting up the project have been designed so that enough resources are allocated so that the project can be effectively implemented.   An investment can be evaluated by using the following capital budgeting techniques.   One of them is the net present value technique, internal rate of return and the pay back technique. The capital budgeting technique that is called net present value can assist the management of an institution to make a decision on whether to accept an investment or not.   If an investment has a positive net present value then it means that an investor can invest in that project.   The rate of return of the investment should be selected depending on the riskiness of the project.   The riskiness of a project is determined by how the case   is   flowing in the institution, if the cash inflow is higher than the cash outflow then it is important to invest in the project since the returns of the project are high. The internal rate of return is a capital budgeting technique that is used in measuring the efficiency of a project.   It is a discount rate that gives the same result as the net present value. If the internal rate of return is higher than the hurdle rate then an investment   can be implemented   using the rate. The financial tools can be used by the institution in carrying out its activities .The financial tools consist of financial ratios the enable an institution to compare its performance in its previous years performance so that they can take corrective measures if need be since the ratios are prepared using variables in the financial statements thus comparing their performance can be easy since the financial statements of a company are usually prepared annually. It is important to manage the resources of an institution because they enable it to achieve goals and objectives in the future .If the resources are properly managed   the an institution can be able to earn greater returns and hence it can continue to progress in the future. How to cite Managing financial and non-financial resources, Essay examples

Concepts related to Race and Ethnicities-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Define the Concepts related to Race and Ethnicities. Answer: Introduction The aim of the current assignment is to properly define the concepts related to race and ethnicities, which are two of the major elements in the study of sociology. The concept of social stratification will be discussed alongside the same, which will help to identify all forms of social issues that are caused due to the difference in the social class and ethnicity. The study will also highlight upon the theories of social stratification alongside with race and ethnicity. This will help in setting up of strategies that will be implemented by the social care workers to deal with the community issues related race and ethnicity. Few of the important theories that will be discussed includes functionalism, Interactionism, culture of prejudice, conflict theory and others. This will help to deal with all mental health issues that are caused due to the social difference. The racism is believed to be one of the major issues that have caused social stratification. It is important to shed light upon the differences in the concept of race and ethnicity, which will help to suggest relevant intervention strategies. The report will also critically evaluate all the theories that will help to understand its applicability under the given situation of human community. Definitions of Race and Ethnicity According to Atkin (2016), race is term that is used to categorize a group of people based on their biological and physical character. This includes skin color, stature, body structure and facial features. These parameters within an individual differ due to their biological origin. People in the European and American region vary highly in their skin color and body structure that is believed to significant element of people identification and categorize them according to respective origin. Wade (2017) has added in the given context that similarities and differences in the skin and biological traits have been termed as social significant. This is the cause of people treating another individual from dissimilar race with different behavior. On the other hand, ethnicity refers to the shared cultural practices and belief that are being followed within a community. People belonging to same ethnicity share common culture and region along with historic heritages, which also provides them a fixed lifestyle. Tonkin et al. (2016), have mentioned that few of the important common characteristics of people belonging to the same ethnic background includes food habits and dress styles. Due to the globalized nature of the world, most of the nations have people belonging from different ethnic background. Most of the countries strive for pluralism, which aims to bring about social harmony between all people irrespective of their ethnic background. Walker et al. (2016) have added that geographical factors like local climate and availability of food have significant effects on the ethnic background. For example, people living in the tropical region will have different food habits and dress style compared to that of individuals in the tem perate region. Definition and theories of Social Stratification Social stratification is an unethical practice within the society, which provides a system framework for dividing people according to their capability are divided into various social ranks of class. From the work of Doob (2015), there are some categories of people who capture majority of the wealth. This gives them greater power and status within the society. According to Sapir?Hen et al. (2016), social stratification is a special trait of the society, which is reflected through differences in individual perspective in several social elements. This difference of social stratification can exist over several generations. This is considered to be one of the universal traits of every society, which is responsible for causing high level of social inequality. Hence, social stratification is considered to be one of the basic characteristics of every Complex society. The value of stock within this Complex society is not distributed equally among every individual. The interconnection between several components of the society that gives rise to social stratification can be described with the help of three components Theory of social stratification (Aziz 2015). This is also called the Weberian stratification, which consists of three elements namely wealth, prestige and power. Higher level of wealth and Prestige provides people with high level of power. This higher power enables people or group of individual to achieve their goals in spite of opposition from minority group on people belonging to low power category. The individual capability to possess power provides them the ability to exploit all form of social resources. The people belonging from higher section of the society also can exercise their power for their benefit. Hence, all individual in the society does not get equal access to the social resources, thereby increasing social inequality for future generations. The group or individuals who are aiming to make more power use political influence, in order to fulfill their purpose without considering any form of ethical duties. They also gain the capability to ignore the legal system, which is highly controlled by their social action. Theories of Race and Ethnicity Issues that are caused due to the difference in race and ethnicity can be determined using the different types of social perspectives that include functionalism, social interactionism, and conflict theory. These are three of the major theories that can explain the traditional consequence of the relevant theories. Functionalism: According to Craib (2015), the concepts of functionalism is one of the oldest theories in sociology related to inequalities due to racial and ethnic inequalities. This theory suggests that race and ethnicity must have played an important function within the society, which helped them to exist for longer duration. According to the believer of the functionalism racism and discrimination has a positive effects on the society thereby forming the dominant group. This has helped in shaping the structure of the society, which is of great importance for the up liftmen of the elite section of the society. For example, the tradition of slavery in the 18th and 19th century has been beneficial to the slaveholders, who have been able to expand the capability of their business and introduce the idea of free trade. This later gave rise to the concept of globalization, and the concept of capital market was introduced. With the introduction of the racism, the superior section of the society was able to enjoy all types of economic and social prevelliages that has helped them to improve their well-being. Nevertheless, Burrell and Morgan (2017), have argued with the concept stating that social discrimination in the forms of race and ethnicity that existed for longer period has caused high level of social misbalance. The major outcomes for this include higher rates of crime activities, rising level of poverty along with unemployment. This is evident from the case of America, where the modern society is suffering from high crime rates and lack of educational opportunity especially for the black skinned people. Olsson et al. (2015), have mentioned that the division within the society regarding the Functionalism theory is done by the contribution that is done by each section of the society. It is believed that each part of the society has to be functional in order to bring about permanent stability. There are different parts of the society composed of diverse range of elements thereby fulfilling diverse needs of the society. It is essential for all parts of the society to perform effectively to ensure high productivity and stability. Conflict theory This theory was introduced by the famous sociologist and philosopher Karl Marx, who mentioned that conflict, is perpetual within the society that is caused due to limited resources. It is important to mention that harmony within the society is maintained by power of the dominant group. Hence, the consensuses of the people, especially belonging from the weaker sections are often neglected (Ritzer and Stepnisky 2017). According to Ballantine and Hammack (2015), the origin of the social conflict is due to the difference in the behavior and the opinions of individuals. The inequality within the society is one of the main causes of the high levels of contradiction. The section of people within the society, who controls the economic production, is believed to have the dominant power. The opportunity to have access to social resources also depends on their dominance over the society. Salamini (2014), has mentioned about the social intersection theory, which is considered to be a major part of the conflict theory. It is believed that gender discrimination, race, and class are often regarded as the integrated part of the society. The multiple layers of the society have often originated due to high levels of social discrimination. According to the principle of interactionism, the symbol of race is considered to be the prime cause of racism within the society that reflected with the behavior of individual. These behaviors are responsible for expressing of dominant behavior of individual. It is also important to consider the fact that how people have attitude towards their race and the race of the others. Culture of Prejudice This theory is based on the fact that pre convinced ideas related to that of the culture play the most significant step in determining the growth rate of the culture. When an individual grows up in an environment with the culture of race discrimination and ethnic difference, the behavior of the same is reflected in the attitude of the same. The discriminating behavior is believed to be reflected in the thought process that ultimately affects the decision making capability of the individual (Jahoda 2015). Hence, the atmosphere within which, an individual has exposed off plays a significant step into modifying the thinking that they will have about other races. For example, an individual growing up in the German society will have higher pride in their race as they will consider themselves to be the superior compared to that of the other race and ethnic groups. Hence, as individual grows up in different cultural environment, their thought process varies mostly thereby causing high level s of social discrimination in the global community. According to the findings of the contemporary theories related to race and ethnicity, there exists a major dissonance between the ideas of empirical research and conceptualization. There is also the act of political activism that is causing higher levels of conflict within the people of the society. Knowles (2010), has mentioned about the fact that the concept of race with the contemporary ideas are isolated from all types of political engagement. The complexities of the ideas related to that of racism and that of the ethnic discrimination are one of the major causes of communal conflicts. This is believed to have higher levels of conflict within the modern society. The concept of racism is believed to be highly related to the activity of immigration. People from the developing nations like Asia and Africa often face the consequences of racial discrimination in many cases. This often leads to physical and mental torture of the immigrants. There also have been reports of ethnic cleansing, done under the name of ethnicity that is done by conflict from Iran and Sudan. The political disturbances that occur within the region of are believed to be the causes of ethnic and racial discrimination in the given region (Guo 2017). The global dimension of race is also another integrated complementary idea that aims to interconnect the globalized world. It can be said that the globalized world is facing racism and ethnic distribution as one of the major issues that are causing hindrance to the global economic progress. This is more evident from the scenarios of Middle East and Asian regions. In the given regards, the following sections will discuss the mental health issues that are caused due to the effects of racism and ethnic discrimination. It is also important to highlight the contemporary issues that will help the social care workers to focus developing intervention strategies. Effects of Race and ethnicity on mental health From the report of Takeuchi and Williams (2003), it is clear that the area of mental health is one of the highly integrated parts that is caused due to racism and ethnic discrimination. The parameter that has been used in the study of mental health and mental behavior regarding sociology has been a matter of constant debate. The minority groups, who have been subjected to the ethnic discrimination is believed to be more vulnerable to the effects of mental health. This evident due to the facts that most of the mental health patients belong to the category of constant social challenges and discrimination. Mossakowski and Zhang (2014), have mentioned about the fact that racial and ethnic discrimination acts as one of the major psychological stressors, which can bring about radical changes within individual. In the American region, the ethnic minority clients have been found to be reported to have higher level of mental health issues. This is mainly because most of the ethnically backward groups are not able to get the best access to mental health care service (Cheng and Mallinckrodt 2015). It is also important to note that due to lack of awareness among the socially backward, they are not able to avail the best quality of mental health service. Racism in Ireland There are various types of population in the community of Ireland. Nearly 12% of the population falls under racial minorities of Ireland. The population of the same is expected to be double by the second decade of the 21st century (Clayton 2014). The younger section of the population is believed to be the major victims of the racial discrimination as they are not able to get the best security from the haters. There also has been reporting, where immigrants have faced racial attack. Most of the violent attacks occur within the Asian people in social places that included trains and buses. All together that has been 245 officially reported cases of criminal activity in the form of racism (Independent.ie, 2018). The Immigrant Council of Ireland has arranged for roadside campaign, which aims to raise the level of awareness among the people. This also encourages the local people to take immediate action if they witness criminal activity in the name of racism. Challenge of Racism for social care workers Racism is still considered to be one of the significant social issues in the Global community in spite of all preventive measures taken in the form of civil rights implementation. Organized hate groups execute all forms of criminal activities that include preventing the minor groups to take part in social events and avail basic amenities, which includes health and education. The subject area of racism is considered to be one of major challenges for the care workers. The social care organization face the biggest threat from criminal activities. Hence, they are not able to appoint sufficient number of care workers as very few agree to compromise up on the level of safety. In spite of all forms of civil acts that are being implemented, there are certain limitations within the legal system that prevents the social care worker to take serious actions to improve the level of security. In case of Ireland, there is a lack of unified theory concerning the need of separated child. This gap within the legal system of Ireland for protection of separated child has prevented the social care workers to take measures by making their admission in school or social care center (Esource.dbs.ie 2018). Cultural diversity concerning the global society is also one of the major challenges. The social care workers have been reported to face the issue of language difference among communities, which has prevented them from communicating properly with the victims of social and racial discrimination (Hunn 2018). Strategies Implemented by Social care workers to deal with issues related to race and ethnicity. From different kinds of theories related to race and ethnicity that have been mentioned in the previous sections, it is clear that the stronger section of the society exploits up on the social resources, thereby causing unequal distribution. From the theory of cultural prejudice, it is clear that the social environment and culture plays an important role in deciding up on the behavior of an individual on matters related to racism and social discrimination. Hence, the given context it is essential for the social care workers to spread awareness among Global communities, which is done by spreading essential knowledge (Cole 2017). The racial prejudice often has a negative impact on the society as they implement negative attitude among the people thereby compromising on the productivity of a society. There is also a chance of increasing risk of criminal activities that are caused due to increase of height among the society. The primary job of the social care workers is to document all ty pe of social prejudice activities, which will help them to prepare appropriate intervention strategies. Documentation process will also provide proper official evidence that will be in favor of the socially minor groups (Reamer 2015). It is also essential to take proper help from legal authority including advocates and lawyers. They will help in documenting the case against the exploiting group by making proper use of documentary evidence. In the given regards it is also essential to monitor the existing level policies; this will help in identifying the loopholes that exist in the presently implicated civil acts. It is also essential to create both short term and long term goals as a part of social care strategy. The short-term attitude includes changing people's attitude towards the minor social groups. On the other hand, the long-term goals include modification of institutional policies that will ensure the proper fundamental right for socially backward classes (Pellissery et al. 2015). As mentioned in the theoretical portion overexploitation of social resources is one of the major impacts of racism and ethnic differences. Hence, one of the essential duties of the social care workers is to estimate the social resources that include Healthcare facility and Educational Institute. It is essential for them to ensure that all the resources and basic services are evenly distributed within the society. In many cases, it has been seen the local government has not initiated to provide extra health care and education service that is needed for ensuring quality life of the socially backward classes. As a part of long-term strategy in social care against racism ethnic discrimination, it is essential to ensure that proper basic resources are available for all parts of the population. Proper time scale also needs to be implemented, which will ensure that all the services are being provided to the people with proper timing. It is also required to properly review and timely monitor all the implemented strategies. This will ensure proper rate of success of all implemented Strategies. Racism and discrimination in workplace and the ways to remove the same According to Triana et al. (2015), racism and discrimination are one of the major workplace related issues in the global society. This mainly occurs due to the culturally diverse group of employees in all major multinational corporations. The discrimination among employees in the workplace can have serious impact on the productivity. In order to deal with the same an Organization needs to recruit proper social care counselor as a part of human resource department workers. The social care worker needs to work effectively with the Human Resource Department, which will help them to implement proper recruitment strategy. This is implemented properly by ensuring adequate knowledge management system within the organization. Cultural training program needs to be an essential part of the activity within the workplace, which will help to increase the level of awareness among the employees. The care workers need to ensure proper social policy that is being implemented within the social organization, which will ensure equality in the form of equal pay among male and female employees. It is also essential to properly monitor the behavior of every employee, which is considered to be one of the practical solutions to identify any form of discrimination activities that occur in the workplace. The monitoring system can be enhanced by implementing CCTV cameras in every part of the workplace. Any form of violation needs to be dealt with strict management decisions that can include imposing heavy penalty on the convicted individual. Anti-racism policies for immigrants In major developed Nations like Australia and Canada racism against immigrants from Asian and African countries has been one of the major social issues. According to Martin and Carter (2015), it is essential to use transformative psychological approach to explore the experience of foreign student in Australia, who has been the victim of racism and ethnic discrimination. The proposed National anti-racism strategy aims to modify the overall legal system. This will help the government monitor all forms of criminal activities that occur in the name of racism in major cities of Australia. In 2011 the government implemented the anti-racism strategy, which aims to increase public awareness within all Educational Institutes. Proper education resources are also provided by the government for better quality of living of foreign students. All local youth and volunteers deployed to provide maximum assistant to the immigrant student so that they do not face any forms of negligence during the time they face become the victim of criminal activity in the form of racism (Humanrights.gov.au 2018). The anti-racism policies of the European Union focuses on raising the level of awareness among the people about diverse range of culture, especially From Asian and African countries. It is essential to develop and anti-racism atmosphere through public campaigns. This will help to ensure that the White skinned people grow the respect to provide equal status to all black skinned people. The public awareness program is implemented through famous International events that may include football match or Global discussion forum where all the major leaders in Europe collaborate to make important administrative decisions. The training session program is in to remove ignorance that exists within the European society. It can also help to raise the level of awareness among the people by making them understand that with racism, they are ultimately affecting the productivity of the society thereby hampering economic growth. It is also essential to encourage business trade from foreign Nations, whi ch will help to increase the level of cultural diversity within the European community (Phoenix-ev.org, 2018). Conclusion In order to conclude the report, it can be site that racism and ethnic discrimination is one of the major social issues that has been encountered by the global society from an early period. Regarding the study of sociology the definition and origin of racism are mainly due to the difference in the biological origin of an individual. On the other hand, the ethnic differences occur due to the difference in culture and lifestyle. Social stratification is one of the major outcomes of social difference in the form of race and ethnic background. Sociologists have defined the theories of race and ethnicity, which has helped to highlight all form of communal issues. The prejudice theory emphasis on the fact that social hateritism develop within an individual due to their cultural learning. Conflict theory originates due to severe level of competition among individual in order to secure the Limited social resources. The contemporary theory is related to racism, and ethnic discrimination focuses on the political conflict that is highly come on in the modern society. It also uses the theory of globalization in order to properly identify the source of social discrimination. The mental health issue is highly related to social discrimination because socially backward classes are often deprived of basic services that include health and education. Nevertheless, the social care workers in spite of several challenges are implementing strict policies in the form of anti-racism policies. They are also aiming to increase the level of awareness among individual by incorporating the knowledge of cultural diversity. Strict legal actions are also implemented in all major developer Nations, which will help to monitor all form of criminal activities and ensure strict penalty are being implemented each case. References Atkin, A., 2016. Race, Definition, and Science. The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Race, p.139. Aziz, A., 2015. The operational value of human capital theory and cultural capital theory in social stratification. Citizenship, Social and Economics Education, 14(3), pp.230-241. Ballantine, J. and Hammack, F.M., 2015. The sociology of education: A systematic analysis. Routledge. Burrell, G. and Morgan, G., 2017. Sociological paradigms and organisational analysis: Elements of the sociology of corporate life. Routledge. Cheng, H.L. and Mallinckrodt, B., 2015. Racial/ethnic discrimination, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and alcohol problems in a longitudinal study of Hispanic/Latino college students. Journal of counseling psychology, 62(1), p.38. Clayton, P., 2014. Religion, ethnicity and colonialism as explanations of the Northern Ireland con?ict. Rethinking Northern Ireland: Culture, Ideology and Colonialism, p.40. Cole, M. ed., 2017. Education, equality and human rights: issues of gender,'race', sexuality, disability and social class. Routledge. Craib, I., 2015. Modern social theory. Routledge. Doob, C.B., 2015. Social inequality and social stratification in US society. Routledge. Esource.dbs.ie. 2018.Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Available at: https://esource.dbs.ie/bitstream/handle/10788/332/ba_bamidele_a_2012.pdf?sequence=1 [Accessed 5 Feb. 2018]. Guo, Q., 2017. The Principle of Non-interference and China's Role in International Conflict in the New Era: China in Sudan and South Sudan, Syria, and Afghanistan. Humanrights.gov.au. 2018.National Anti-Racism Strategy and Racism. It Stops with Me Campaign | Australian Human Rights Commission. [Online] Available at: https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/race-discrimination/projects/national-anti-racism-strategy-and-racism-it-stops-me-campaign [Accessed 5 Feb. 2018]. Hunn, V., Harley, D., Elliott, W. and Canfield, J.P., 2015. Microaggression and the mitigation of psychological harm: Four social workers' exposition for care of clients, students, and faculty who suffer a thousand little cuts.. Journal of Pan African Studies, 7(9), pp.41-55. Independent.ie. 2018.'Irish are extremely racist' - Indian media cover xenophobic incident on Irish train - Independent.ie. [online] Available at: https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/news/irish-are-extremely-racist-indian-media-cover-xenophobic-incident-on-irish-train-35638477.html [Accessed 5 Feb. 2018]. Jahoda, G., 2015. Images of savages: Ancient roots of modern prejudice in Western culture. Routledge. Knowles, C., 2010. Theorising race and ethnicity: contemporary paradigms and perspectives. The SAGE handbook of race and ethnic studies, pp.23-42. Martin, J. and Carter, L., 2015. Preservice teacher agency concerning education for sustainability (EfS): A discursive psychological approach. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 52(4), pp.560-573. Mossakowski, K.N. and Zhang, W., 2014. Does social support buffer the stress of discrimination and reduce psychological distress among Asian Americans?. Social Psychology Quarterly, 77(3), pp.273-295. Olsson, L., Jerneck, A., Thoren, H., Persson, J. and OByrne, D., 2015. Why resilience is unappealing to social science: Theoretical and empirical investigations of the scientific use of resilience. Science advances, 1(4), p.e1400217. Pellissery, S., Pampackal, A.J. and Bopaiah, P., 2015. Caste and Distributive Justice: Can social policy address durable inequalities?. Social Policy Administration, 49(6), pp.785-800. Phoenix-ev.org. 2018.Our Philosophy Developing anti-racist strategies - Phoenix e.V. - For a culture of understanding. [online] Available at: https://www.phoenix-ev.org/en/our-philosophy.html [Accessed 5 Feb. 2018]. Reamer, F.G., 2015. 18 Ethical Issues in Social Work. Social workers' desk reference, p.143. Ritzer, G. and Stepnisky, J., 2017. Modern sociological theory. SAGE Publications. Salamini, L., 2014. The Sociology of Political Praxis (RLE: Gramsci): An Introduction to Gramsci's Theory. Routledge. Sapir?Hen, L., Sasson, A., Kleiman, A. and Finkelstein, I., 2016. Social Stratification in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages: An Intra?Site Investigation at Megiddo. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 35(1), pp.47-73. Takeuchi, D.T. and Williams, D.R., 2003. Race, ethnicity and mental health: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, pp.233-236. Tonkin, E., McDonald, M. and Chapman, M.K. eds., 2016. History and ethnicity (Vol. 27). Routledge. Triana, M.D.C., Jayasinghe, M. and Pieper, J.R., 2015. Perceived workplace racial discrimination and its correlates: A meta?analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(4), pp.491-513. Wade, P., 2017. Race and ethnicity in Latin America. Pluto press. Walker, G.N., McLone, S., Mason, M. and Sheehan, K., 2016. Rates of firearm homicide by Chicago region, age, sex, and race/ethnicity, 20052010. Journal of trauma and acute care surgery, 81(4), pp.S48-S53 It is also important to consider the fact that how people have attitude towards

Job analysis of an elementary teacher Essay Example

Job analysis of an elementary teacher Essay In this paper we will examine how a Job analysis which helps describe Jobs and/or human attributes necessary to perform the tasks and Job Component Inventory OIC) method are used for an elementary teacher; by shows what tools, responsibilities, communication and demands are required for this position(Specter, 2014). This will allow an Individual to see how the reliability and validity of ICC works and how It describes the use of objects that will relate to the workers in this setting. Next, we ill see how a performance appraisal in this Job is based on professional learning and growth (Teacher Performance Appraisal System, 2014). Finally, we will look at the benefits and vulnerabilities that are associated with ICC and how it may affect this work setting. The hope is that in the end we can see how ICC can be used as a guide line for teachers. Job Summary With direction from the school principal the teacher is responsible for the education of selected students and will generate a flexible curriculum and classroom environment encouraging for learning and personal growth. The teacher needs to create a strong relationship with the student to help motivate students to develop skills, attitudes, and the know how to provide a strong foundation for future education, while taking the students valuables Into account. There will also be professional relationships developed and maintained between parents and other teachers. The physical demands for this field is considered a LIGHT physical demand characteristic of work position in accordance with the Dictionary of Occupational Title (DOT). Educating the Students Vital Functions The teacher must teach subject matter such as reading, language arts, mathematics, social studies, art science, physical education, and music while utilizing the curriculum proposed by the Board of Education. Then there must be a course plan developed that assists each students needs, and utilize the different teaching techniques to express the lesson In a way that Is productive to student learning and utilizes the allotted time available for the Instruction. We will write a custom essay sample on Job analysis of an elementary teacher specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Job analysis of an elementary teacher specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Job analysis of an elementary teacher specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The use of computers, chalk boards, overhead projectors and other visual aids will be used for student instruction. Physical demands for this position require the teacher to be able to stand and walk around the classroom the majority of the time. While also being able to bend, kneel, lean at the waist to communicate with a student at their desk. The ability to hold light weight objects for demonstrations at waist level and slightly above the head may be frequently required. The use of the black board is frequently required while also grasping chalk and an eraser while reaching below, at waist, and above the head occasionally with the frequent need to twist at the waist and neck to observe the class. On a rotating basis there Is a need for assistance with physical education which Involves lifting, using the upper body to assist students with their pull-ups and other actively. While on playground duty It Is required to be able to walk on even and uneven surfaces such as grass, gravel and maneuvering around curbs. The ability to lift up to 25 pounds around the room and halls maybe required The need for communication with parents is necessary through conferences over the phone or in person to discuss academic and personal progress and talk about there school programs. As a teacher the communications with other academic advisors will be needed for professional and personal growth. The participation in faculty meetings and committee sponsorship student activities is required on occasions. The need to address a stressful situation created by an upset or hostile student may arise but the ability to remain calm and listen non-critically but must also remain consistent with Judgments. Remain sensitive to a student who is non- compliant by try to meet the students needs by showing increased personal interest and involvement. Upholding Professional Standards Demonstrate professional ethics while conforming to district policies including attendance, evaluations and absences. The attendance must be sufficient to successfully perform the listed Job functions. Also the need to maintain professional proficiency is done through in-service activities offered by the district and self- selected growth activities. The times that are required for attendance are as followed teachers arrive at AAA. M. And may leave between 4:30-5:00 p. M. And there is also a 30 min lunch offered as long as weather permits. Working in the classroom 84-90% of the day but when needed outside activities such as recess, fire drills and any other special activity may occur. Reliability and Validity of ICC In this type of setting ICC can prove to be validated and reliable because it has helped to evaluate if a person meets requirements or needs more training in certain areas. Even though situations may vary the overall assessment is positive. This method shows what tools and physical demands will be placed on a teacher and how certain requirements can affect performance appraisals. As for the benefits and limitlessness for ICC it has its share of both due to personal interpretation and exaggerations people use to get Jobs. In closing this paper has shown what a Job analysis may look like using Job Components Inventory as a method and what some of the requirements are of an elementary teacher are. There are not only physical but mental demands required to hold this position. Planning and meeting ones own professional goals as well as those of the students helps to make for a proper teacher and good performance appraisals. The validity and reliability for ICC has been shown to be high in regards to eloping professionals pick Jobs that meet their abilities and skill set. The benefits and vulnerability aspect has not been conclusive due to human nature to exaggerate ones own abilities in a Job interview. However, it has sill shown beneficial with regards to pointing out key functions required for the position as a teacher.

Fear - Argumentum ad Baculum

Appeal to Force/Fear - Argumentum ad Baculum The Latin term argumentum ad baculum means argument to the stick. This fallacy occurs whenever a person makes an implicit or explicit threat of physical or psychological violence against others if they refuse to accept the conclusions offered. It can also occur whenever its claimed that accepting a conclusion or idea will lead to disaster, ruin, or harm. You can think of the argumentum ad baculum as having this form: Some threat of violence is made or implied. Therefore, the conclusion should be accepted. It would be very unusual for such a threat to be logically relevant to the conclusion or for the truth-value of a conclusion to be made any more likely by such threats. A distinction should be made, of course, between rational reasons and prudential reasons. No fallacy, the Appeal to Force included, can give rational reasons to believe a conclusion. This one, however, might give prudential reasons for action. If the threat is credible and bad enough, it might provide a reason to act as if you believed it. It is more common to hear such a fallacy in children, for example when one says If you dont agree that this show is the best, Ill hit you! Unfortunately, this fallacy isnt limited to children. Examples and Discussion of the Appeal to Force Here are some ways in which we sometimes see the appeal to force used in arguments: You should believe God exists because, if you dont, when you die you will be judged and God will send you to Hell for all of eternity. You dont want to be tortured in Hell, do you? If not, it is a safer bet to believe in God than to not believe. This is a simplified form of Pascals Wager, an argument often heard from some Christians. A god is not made any more likely to exist simply because someone says that if we dont believe in it, then we will be harmed in the end. Similarly, belief in a god is not made any more rational simply because we are afraid of going to some hell. By appealing to our fear of pain and our desire to avoid suffering, the above argument is committing a Fallacy of Relevance. Sometimes, the threats can be more subtle, as in this example: We need a strong military in order to deter our enemies. If you dont support this new spending bill to develop better airplanes, our enemies will think we are weak and, at some point, will attack us - killing millions. Do you want to be responsible for the deaths of millions, Senator? Here, the person doing the arguing isnt making a direct physical threat. Instead, they are bringing psychological pressure to bear by suggesting that if the Senator does not vote for the proposed spending bill, s/he will be responsible for other deaths later on. Unfortunately, no evidence is offered that such a possibility is a credible threat. Because of this, there is no clear connection between the premise about our enemies and the conclusion that the proposed bill is in the countrys best interests. We can also see the emotional appeal being used - no one wants to be responsible for the deaths of millions of fellow citizens. The Appeal to Force fallacy can also occur in cases where no actual physical violence is offered, but instead, just threats to ones well being. Patrick J. Hurley uses this example in his book A Concise Introduction to Logic: Secretary to boss: I deserve a raise in salary for the coming year. After all, you know how friendly I am with your wife, and Im sure you wouldnt want her to find out whats been going on between you and that sexpot client of yours. It doesnt matter here whether anything inappropriate has been going on between the boss and the client. What matters is that the boss is being threatened - not with physical violence like being hit, but rather with his marriage and other personal relationships being destabilized if not destroyed.

Character Analysis of the Short Story Mrs. Turner Cutting the Grass by Essay

Character Analysis of the Short Story Mrs. Turner Cutting the Grass by Carol Shields - Essay Example As the past history of Mrs. Turner unfolds, the reader is left gasping at the many dalliances and infedities of this ordinary woman. Indeed, this story is a testimony to the belief that behind simple facades lie some of the most interesting lives. The story begins simply enough with Mrs. Turner going through a routine task and the reader is led to believe that she is going to be confronted with a neighborly fight, but soon we find ourselves in the youth of Mrs. Turner. Carol Shields, with a quick turn of phrase talks of the peccadilloes of Mrs. Turner youth, her subsequent fleeing to New York, her abandonment of her child, her return to her home town and the final settling down into domesticity. B. Carelessness was indeed one of Mrs. Turner’s unusual traits. This is very apparent when we see her mowing the lawn. The grass flies around her but she does not use a catcher, to the dismay of the Saschers, her next door neighbor. Her extensive use of pesticides to control the weeds is another instance of carelessness she exhibits. C. Again, we see Mrs. Turner’s careless and casual attitude which results in her pregnancy which she carried so far as to even abandon her little baby, unmindful of what would happen to it. Her physical appearance is also hastily put together as evinced from the following phrases that go to describe this attitude saying she had an â€Å"ancient pair of shorts†, paired with a halter top. She has on her feet a pair of â€Å"crepe-soled sandals† and covers her head with her dead husband’s golf cap. D. This trait of carelessness of Mrs. Turner gets her often into trouble and makes her a person of contempt and disgust to all those around her. Her pregnancy was the result of a careless dalliance, which ultimately made her leave New York because she found that she could not take care of a baby by herself. E. Mrs. Turner was a woman not used to doing things for others and in

West Yorkshire Police And A Merger Research Proposal

West Yorkshire Police And A Merger - Research Proposal Example The goal being to incorporate the police together so they would ultimately be together under one unit. The proposal will investigate the issues that would arise for the public sector as a result of the mergers. In addition, the perception of the police regarding the merger will be examined. The purpose of the research on the merger is to investigate and present the action methods that will work best to formulate a decision regarding the merger and reach a conclusion as to the best and most ethical course. There are many fact ors to be taken into consideration regarding a merger.. Included in the Yorkshire Police merger are legal issues, A recent newspaper article re ported on these issues. That the government was being taken to the high court over its plans to merge police forces, while rebel Labour MPs plan to derail the scheme in the Commons. Cleveland police force is to seek a judicial review of the home secretary's plans to merge it with the Durham and Northumbria forces. Guardian Unlimited Guardian News and Media Limited 2007 It further reportd thar While this was going on a group of Labour MPs led by John Grogan intends to sabotage the merger plans when they come through the Commons in the autumn. This twin opposition is John Reid's second major headache since being appointed at the start of the month, following the debacle of the failure to deport released foreign prisoners. The idea of bigger, better resourced, forces came in the wake of criticism of the small Cambridgeshire police force's response to the Soham murders. Guardian Unlimited Guardian News and Media Limited 2007 My research concluded that a go od merger is contingent on good planning and research Law enforcement in the United Kingdom is not the responsibility of one single police service serving the general public; with the exception of various special police forces and of Northern Ireland (which has one unified force, the Police Service of Northern Ireland), police forces are arranged in geographical areas matched to the boundaries of one or more local authorities; in recent years being increasingly described as "territorial police forces". (Baskerville 2004 p 329) In turn, these forces are regulated by the laws of the appropriate country within the UK (administration of police matters is not generally affected by the Government of Wales Act 2006), i.e., Scotland, Northern Ireland, England and Wales. It is common for the territorial police forces in England and Wales to be referred to as "Home Office" police forces, after the government department which exercises control at a national level in England and Wales but this is erroneous as the description can encompass a number of miscellaneous forces subject to some kind of control by the Home Office but which are not the concern of the various Police Acts which control territorial police forces. (Bakersville 2004 p330) In 1981, James Anderton, the then Chief Constable of Greater Manchester Police called for 10 regional police forces for England and Wales, one for each of the regions which would be adopted as Government Office Regions in England, and Wales.[2] A 2004 proposal by the Police Superintendents Association for the creation of a single national police force, similar to the Garda Sochna na hireann was rejected by the Association of Chief Police Officers, and the government has thus far agreed.[3] In September 2005, in a report[4] delivered to the then Home Secretary, Charles Clarke, HM Inspectorate of Constabulary suggested that the

Specific Terminology Found in the Health Care Environment Essay

Specific Terminology Found in the Health Care Environment - Essay Example The following terms are directly applicable to the health care system today and in fact play an influential role in maintaining a proper medical environment because they are used to describe various needs of medical professionals, societal issues, and also lean towards what is needed with regard to costs and supplies in the medical environment. For instance, when we think of economics we normally concentrate on business or issues such as home design, and other social areas that are separate from the health environment.   However, economics actually is applied to the medical world by the social interactions that are involved.   For example, economics becomes a part of the nursing environment in particular when they are trying to increase disease awareness in the community.   By focusing on a social aspect of healthcare such as what it takes to maintain a healthy lifestyle then the medical intent becomes one of an economic means that affects the whole of a society.   This is wh at economics of healthcare can mean but it isn’t the only area that can be affected by the term.   Cost of healthcare can become economic as well if there is a balance of cost versus health care to the public being adjusted in the management area of health care.   So the term is actually multifaceted to reach many areas of the healthcare field but basically, has a strong focus in the area of needed resources.   Now, macroeconomics while similar to the basic economics of healthcare is still indeed different.  ... Cost of health care can become economic as well if there is a balance of cost versus health care to the public being adjusted in the management area of health care. So the term is actually multifaceted to reach many areas of the healthcare field but basically has a strong focus in the area of needed resources. Now, macroeconomics while similar to the basic economics of healthcare is still indeed different. When a person hears the term "macroeconomics" crop up in discussions concerning areas of healthcare the assumption about it is initially different than what it actually is implied to mean. Macroeconomics comes into play when medical professionals are trying to work on plans to decrease problematic areas in health care and make areas become more efficient to the generalized public. It in fact is a term that is often communicated when the cost of healthcare is being discussed as well as when an immediate need for an increased efficiency of care becomes a necessity within certain heal th care sectors. Microeconomics is even more similar to macroeconomics than the regular terminology of economics itself is though they all interlace with one another. Although microeconomics within itself will not be of assistance to doctors in reaching specific diagnosis's, the terminology does play a crucial role when trying to acquire a more fluid understanding of this principle as well as ones relative to it. This is due to the fact that a better understanding of various economic principles can help medical professionals search for more logical methods to improve quality health care in a timely and cost efficient manner to the public. It can also help to find ways of managing resources that are needed more comprehensively. So it is easily

Examining The Revolution Of Internet Usage Media Essay

Examining The Revolution Of Internet Usage Media Essay Internet usage has brought revolution in communication. In the recent past, there has been advancement internet technology making internet more accessible to many peoples. In business and institutions internet communication has brought major changes to how communication is made. One of the major effects of internet is making information more accessible to most people. Although this has been highly praised, it has brought questions on regulation on usage of internet. In the recent past families, organizations, institutions, interest groups and even governments have been calling for internet censorship. Internet censorship can have positive impact depending on context. New technological innovations have led to the introduction of internet services which play a major role in the world of communication. The internet provides an appropriate forum, where people can communicate with one another regardless of their geographical location. Due to minimal regional restriction on internet services, people from virtually all ages with internet knowledge in most part of the world can easily access it. Conventionally, internet was a communication tool that mainly consisted of e-mail service. Internet users still sign up for user accounts through which they receive and send e-mails to other registered users (Foerstel 120). Since the modifications of original internet user configurations, internet has significantly improved in its functions as it provides a wide array of options in both private and commercial websites with a lot of information. North Korea is considered among the top blog-unfriendly nations in the world due to internet censorship. It is only the foreigners and politically privileged people who are allowed to access the internet freely in the country. Consequently, there is no openly existent blog in leading to difficulties by North Koreans to access blogs. Journalists are allowed by the government of North Korea into the country on condition that they are followed around by watchers to ensure they do not indulge in suspicious activities. The government also carries out censorship on news before it is made public hence control over all information that the citizens receive (Icon Group International, Inc. 39). In Pakistan, self censorship by media companies started with the reign of General Zia who was both the president and army chief (Icon Group International, Inc. 48). In this form of censorship, press material is checked so that the governments credibility is not tarnished. All press material in Pakistan must favor the government of the day to ensure political serenity in the country. In Guilford County, North Carolina, initial plans to ban two books The Color Purple and Native Son that were used in teaching literature in the curriculum faced a petition to eliminate them from the coursework and won. This was as a result of a censorship policy which was aimed at using software and other means to restrict pornographic material from being accessed from online sources or school libraries, a move that was considered unconstitutional (Foerstel 207). School boards in Lima, Ohio and Jackson County in Ripley unanimously voted against this form of censorship by the year 1999. At the same period, The Color Purple was eliminated from the curriculum and libraries at Ferguson High School in Virginia (Foerstel 207) due to claims of vulgar language and explicit content. This form of internet restriction was received as an unappreciative move of eliminating library material for scholars. As a result of the censorship move gaining negative response, lawmakers prepared new and better rules that allowed scholars to obtain online information without the boundaries censorship caused as a result of preventing public obscenity displays through the internet (Foerstel 114). The internet came with a myriad of challenges and in some cases, unique set of unanticipated drawbacks also came forming its disadvantages. Based on extreme case scenarios, this essay seeks to argue against the application of censorship policies to information sources on the internet. It goes ahead to suggest the alternative need for better protection policies that favor both the users and controlling bodies before finalizing on the extent of its applicability if deemed necessary. Sandra Hughes of CBS news reports of Robert Wise, an online sex predator who preys on a 14 year old girl and later on gets arrested for soliciting for sex from a minor unfolding the dangers of unrestricted online communication between different parties. The CBS reporter further gives an account of the story of Kyla Reed, a 15 year old who goes missing without a trace after being an active participant in MySpace. Investigations link her disappearance to her activities on the social network (Kreiser 7). The culmination of such stories is a likely reason that would arouse governments to conduct censorship of the internet. This would however not put an end to the activities of predators as they would carry them out elsewhere. It is a preferable option to innovate alternative means of preventing online predators. Various aspects of socialization can be attributed to interactions through the internet that have improved communication among different users of the web. This has been made possible by internet service developers inventing ways of configuring more sophisticated services such as voice over internet protocols and instant messaging services that pave way for the creation of highly interactive web sites. Presently, Face book, MySpace and Twitter are the leading social internet sites which use chats as the latest culmination of instant messaging service among other options for internet communication. Such web sites reflect on the need to have communication infrastructure which appreciates urgency and convenience, the limitations in the physical environment notwithstanding. Restricted internet use would bar intercommunication among people of different cultures thus deterring the build up of social ties and should be avoided where applicable. Internet usage is increasingly becoming a necessity to users who spend most of their time searching for information that is to be implemented in either personal or professional use. Internet also plays a fundamental role in the media fraternity as it is a means of sending and receiving both local and international news (Jones 19). Basing on this, communication is made much easier for journalists because they have access to vital information through the internet and a ready audience. CBS and other news networks have links on Face book, Tweeter and MySpace to keep track of its audience for information dissemination. With new innovations, there were introductions of updated journals in form of blogs which provided diverse information. Journalists are however criticized by scholars as being supposedly cynical in their work which brings about the claim of lack of professionalism. Jones weblog on Real and fake news shows the criticism reporters receive from the public and intellectuals for what they term as irresponsibility caused by bias in reporting. They brand this as the main reason for the young people being politically ill informed as a result of turning to non credible or single sided sources of information (Jones 20). Such political content in news makes authorities have reason to ground a basis for information censorship. Positively impacting sites include those which are educative and informative in terms of providing essential academic materials to users. In addition, many people use online services to communicate with people across the continent. At present, communication is much easier through the internet because people can easily chat from sites of social networks. Apart from education and communication purposes, the internet has gained popularity because of its entertainment nature as users can play games, download pictures, music and movies (Contrada 117). Despite the many benefits derived from internet use, there has been a realization of some setbacks. Internet can negatively influence users since it at times contains offensive and explicit materials. At a very rampant rate, sexual sites with pornographic content are frequently visited by people of different ages including underage children out of curiosity or ignorance. Regardless of parental monitoring, it is very difficult to control what children do while using computers. For this reason, there are controversies on what basis the internet should be censored (Farhi 5). Due to high levels of possible risks that vulnerable internet users are predisposed to, censoring online services is increasingly becoming a preference to authorities since it promises protection to its users from the proliferation of malpractices such as sexual exploitation. Censoring is seen as a probable solution that would therefore help parents who have difficult time in controlling their childrens access to pornographic sites that display distorting material oblivious of what their effects may be. Similarly, the degree of devastating effects that it has on the users is deliberately ignored by the hosts to the detriment of the society. Even though censoring of internet content may not have a major influence on the amount of responsibility adults practice on the vulnerable group, it is important to control unsociable internet activities like human trafficking (Chawki Wahab 1). People especially, women and children often fall into the trap of human traffickers who advertise themselves and conduct most of their practices through the sites. Without knowing many people are blindly lured into such illegal practices since it is sometimes difficult to judge the credibility of a given site due to their persuasive nature. To help curb these cases, censorship may seem to be a preferable option. However, governments involved should come up with new ways of monitoring the use of internet especially in criminal activities such as human trafficking (Chawki Wahab 4). In relation to e-mail services, censoring the internet would prevent users from illegally accessing unauthorized information. E-mail intruders would therefore have a difficult time in acquiring information once the internet is censored. In addition, censoring internet information will help detect and prevent behaviors and habits of users with malicious motives. This is likely to save the society a lot of social problems that lead to loss of moral wellbeing. The main reason is that all undesirable information is crushed automatically when the internet is censored. Furthermore, users are protected from hate mails or any other information from the populace that leads to negative effects. Censoring the internet can be beneficial since it will ensure control of the kind of material that people access such as government information. These administrative bodies are usually strict when it comes to secrets and will always try to conceal vital records from the public. Although there are ways of concealing information, some individuals will work out ways of accessing such records through the web. Arresting such people may not be a permanent solution because others might continue with the trend. Effective innovative ways to detect and prevent these malicious acts would be a useful remedy to the governments since the public will not succeed in acquiring any secrets (Drezner 34). Although censoring the internet can be advantageous, it may deny non-targeted individuals the opportunity of accessing important information (Contrada 83). Internet should not be censored because it may prevent people from getting vital information. Such information as educative content, scientific information based on recent studies may lead to new ideas that could be hidden from users. Therefore, censoring internet sources is likely to hinder innovation and new discoveries because the means of acquiring new and supportive information is complicated. Censoring the internet can also be a disadvantage to individuals as they would not get the opportunity to express themselves. Internet is a place where people can openly express themselves to other people. Furthermore, it is also a place where people can learn about the views of others. By restricting online services, free interaction would be hindered. To a certain level, a particular government can benefit from internet restrictions although it would be at the expense of its citizens (Contrada 64). This means that internet censoring is seen as only benefiting the government while its citizens suffer. Such a government risks being viewed as overly oppressive. In most cases, censoring internet sources may appear like denying citizens the right to information. People have the need to acquire knowledge about all changes that are happening around them and in other places. Restricting online services will also prevent them from knowing important information about the government. It is not fair to put people in the dark especially when there are difficulties in the country. Societies are part of a country and so should be updated of various issues within the nation (Contrada 32). Moreover, censoring the internet would prevent the media from accessing and conveying essential information to citizens by the government. There should be freedom of the press whereby journalists can express themselves without any restrictions. Once online services are restricted, journalists may be unable to even access international news. In America, restricting the internet would go against the 1st Amendment right which states that there should be freedom of speech and press (Drezner 33). Globalization is increasingly changing the world of communication as there are new technologies which make interactions much easier. Internet communication is considered as one of the major sources of information to the media fraternity both locally and internationally. Censoring the internet may therefore limit the manner in which the media sends information to its target consumers and limit intercultural communication which is widely done through the web. Journalists are frequent internet users as they receive and convey information through different sites. Journalists prefer using blogs because it is a quick method of information dissemination especially when conveying urgent and important information. Through blog sites, journalists are able to discuss a wide range of topics which including politics, economy, environment, finance and many more. More often, journalists use online services to publish political issues that may affect their country or other countries. If the internet is censored, it would not be possible for people to acquire certain information about political issues. Online services should not be censored because it would prevent journalists from hosting and visiting blog sites that are very essential to them. Apart from blogs, journalists normally visit social networks which they use due to their fast nature and popularity in information conveyance. Journalists also prefer the site especially for stories that are changing so fast such as the development of a report on survivors of a plane crash. Mainstream media depend s on such information since collection and encoding can be done fast. (Farhi 3). Primarily, internet plays an essential role in the world of communication. Through the internet, people are able to communicate with one another regardless of their geographical locations. Online service is therefore one of the major source of information to media fraternity. (Rosen 3). Although internet is very useful to genuine users, it also has limitations since it is characterized by sites that contain sexual materials. Censoring the internet has been made necessary owing to the need for keeping unauthorized individuals at bay through blocking access to sites by users who cannot practice self censorship as a result of ignorance or curiosity. The demerits arising from liberal internet use can however be curbed by coming up with monitoring policies that protect and prevent vulnerable groups. This is mainly because censorship would deny genuine internet users the opportunity to acquire information from a variety of sources. A better recommendation would be to develop alternative internet policies that permit users to access specific sites on the internet. This would protect vulnerable groups from exploitation by malicious people thus enhancing the security of the state.

Hiroshima :: essays research papers

The first most powerful bomb, which is called the atom bomb, was dropped on August 6 , 1945. In a city located in Japan, called Hiroshima. With these facts and the information i've read from this one book called "Hiroshima" I have a very strong opinion which I will speak of now. I think that the atomic bomb which was dropped on Hiroshima was a petty, childish way of trying to win a war. It was inhuman, so horrible that anyone whom lived through it, would most likely be traumatized for the rest of their living lives. I don't think what the Americans did was very right at all. If they wanted a war, not that war is a way to solve anything, then they should have fought the old fashioned way. Rather than ruining so many peoples lives. Atomic bombs are not something that should even be in existence, but they are. There's really nothing we can do about them, because of the more powerful people in this world. They find this extraordinary weapons to be their only defense. But I think it's pathetic. They go off an kill so many people, and wounded the rest. They brought many cities to destruction and cost them millions of dollars to rebuild. You just can't toy with peoples lives like that. I think it should be illegal. If they wanted to harm certain people, then fight it out with them. Don't kill innocent peoples lives. If they knew the enormous danger and effects of this new bomb, then they shouldn't have done it. Perhaps they could have found a different way to finish this all.Critical Appraisal- "Z for Zachariah" and "Hiroshima"In my personal opinion "Z for Zachariah" could have been a bit more accurate in which ways they made the radiation affect people. First off, in "Hiroshima", which was a true story, not all the people died from the radiation, yes they got very ill from it. Such as fevers, vomiting, hair loss, white blood count going up and down, etc. But most of them died from all the wounds from the bomb. And the radiation didn't kill and poison all the things within the bomb as it did in "Z". "Hiroshima" had alot more telling about how the radiation effect the people physically than "Z" did. They were pretty close to getting the same idea of what happens when people get radiation, but they missed quite a few points.

Effect of Technology and Network Security Support on Information Security Essay

Introduction Information security has become one of the challenges in ripping benefits of information technology. It has been found out that most people fear using modern information and communication technology due to fear of the privacy of their personal details. Information technology has supported the growth of online services like e-commerce, e-banking, e-governance, and many others which required people to give their sensitive personal details. However, practice like hacking and others which breach security of information have eroded personal confidence in use of ICT service. Information security can be described as the act of giving protection to information and systems by denying unauthorized access, use, disclosure or modification. The effect of Technology on information security The following are the technological methods that are used in ensuing information security; Authentication Authentication is the process through which a person or any other things undergoes through a verification process to determine whether it is the one. It is the way through which something or someone is confirmed to establish whether the claim made is actually true (McNab, 2004).   Authentication may involve confirmation of personal identity, origin of any artifact or basically making assurance that computer programs is trusted. Authentication is one of the commonly used methods of ensuring information security. It may be implemented through different methods including; Password A password can be defined as private information that is only known to the owner. A password assigns a user identity which is associated with the password. The password therefore becomes the gateway for the user to access that particular identity (Information Resources, 2009).   Passwords are personal and therefore the standard of the password is very important. Strong passwords are difficult to guess as compared to weak passwords and therefore they offer more security to private information. It is important that user safeguard their password and once they suspect that someone else has accessed their passwords they should consider changing them to ensure security. Token A security token is a hardware device that is used by the owner to authenticate their identity.   Once the device is recognized by the network, the user is given access to the system.   A token can be in different forms ranging from smart cards, key fob, and many others (Erin, 2005).   Tokens provide high level security through two-factor authentication method. First, the owner has a personal identification number or PIN which authorizes them to access the device. Second the device displays that PIN number of the user to the system which allows them to access the system. Unlike passwords, token are more secure since even if the device falls in wrong hands, it will be difficult to guess the PIN.   The four types of tokes include static password, synchronous dynamic password, asynchronous password, and challenge response. Biometrics Biometric is one of the most advance authentication techniques that are used when dealing with many people. It will be observed that today, everyone enters in a baseball match after their physical characteristics have been recorded in a system while in school kids use their thumb to access meals. These represent the commonly used biometric techniques where the emphasis is one authentication using personal physical characteristics (Down and Sands, 2004).   Biometric uses different physical characteristics including eye, face, voice, fingerprints, shape of the hand, and many others. These characteristics are quite unique to every individual and they are one of the strong proofs to the personal identity.   However, biometric authentication devices are very costly to buy and maintain and therefore they are used in very sensitive situations. One of the greatest weaknesses of this method is that it is very easy to attacked stored comparison images than to copy those physical traits.   In most cases, biometrics is used as a two factor authentication methods where a password is combined with personal physical appearance. Software There are a number of softwares that have been developed to protect information in any network. The following are common software used in information security; Antivirus Antivirus are software developed to protect information from virus, spy ware, and malware. Antiviruses are used mostly in internet connected network where there is a high risk of spread of virus (Dhillon, 2007). Antivirus software mostly used includes MacAfee, Karspasky, NOD32, and many others. Content filtering Content filtering is also known as information filtering.   It encompasses the use of software to screen information on computers. It is also used in internet firewall especially by corporations to guard some information considered private. Content filtering helps to include or to exclude some information which can be accessed by a person and excluding information which is deemed objectionable (Dhillon, 2007). Content filtering is also used at home and at school in order to filter information that can be accessed by children. In this case, it is used to filter out pornographic materials and violence oriented materials.   In the internet content filtering can be classified into web filtering where some WebPages are filtered out and e-mail filtering where e-mails are screened for spam. However, content filtering is criticized on the ground that some important information may be filtered out of the accessible content such that the information accessed does not really help the user. Encryption With the increased use of the internet, a great deal of sensitive personal information is sent from one person to another or to an organization. This raises serious questions regarding the safety of that information and the confidence that only the intended receiver receives and understands the information. To raise this level of confidence, data encryption method has been developed (Biham and Shamir, 1991). Although encryption has been used since the time of Roman Empire, it has become more complicated and with diverse use today. Encryption mainly involves conversion of a readable data to another form which can only be read and understood by a specified person or computer. This information is regarded as ciphered or encrypted data since it cannot be understood easily. It is recovered back to its original form through decryption. The level of protection and integrity in encryption is enforced by the use of message authentication code or digital signature. Message authentication code creates a secret key for the sender and receiver of the information which makes it more secure and authentic. Today, there are many softwares that are used in encrypting data. However, encryption is not one of the most secure methods of ensuring data security since there are various methods like traffic analysis, brute force, TEMPEST, and many others which can be used to crack the encrypted data (Biham and Shamir, 1991). It has been found that even some of the most complex algorithms like RSA, DES and others can be broken using these softwares. iii. Hardware Firewalls have also played an important role in enhancing information security.   They can be used either in hardware or in software or when the two are combined.   In day to day uses, firewalls are important in protection unauthorized access to a private network which is connected to the internet especially in the cases of intranets (Whitman and Mattord, 2007).   Firewalls filters all messaging entering and leaving the intranet to ensure that it blocks those messages which are devoid of the set security standards.   There are four major types of techniques used in implementing firewalls including Packet filter This is one of the most effective and transparent firewall techniques. Under this technique, each and every packet entering and leaving the network is filtered and only those which meet user defined criteria are allowed while the rest are blocked.   However, the technique is quite difficult to configure and is more susceptible to IP spoofing. Application gateway Application gateway applies a defined security mechanism to some specific applications like FTP, Telnet servers, and others.   Although it is quite effective, it can also lead to degradation of performance. Circuit level gateway This technique applies firewall security only when a TCP or UDP connected has been made. Once the connection is established, packets of data continue to flow without being checked since a secure connection has been made. Proxy server Proxy server technique intercepts in and out of a network. The server is quite effective in hiding the network addresses and hence cannot be obtained easily. The effect of Network Security Support on information security Although technology has been effective in deterring cyber crime, it is clear that technology alone cannot work. Even with the advanced technology and application of the various information security methods we have reviewed above, human support is still needed. There are various ways that have been employed in supporting technological method to fight cyber crimes. The following are some of these methods: Hacker Hunters Hacker hunters are special branches that have been set up in police department aimed at tracking down cyber criminals.   Hacker hunters are prowling cyberspace with an aim of tracking down and arresting professional cyber criminals who are motivated by big profits made online.   Hacker hunters are employing gumshoe techniques to track down cyber crime suspect (Grow and Bush, 2005). They are employing various methods including infiltration of hacker groups, monitoring the hackers through underground networks, and when possible, intercepting the hackers before they can cause any damage. Most important, hacker hunters are relying on intelligence in order to track cyber criminals. They are using informants inside hackers group to get vital information regarding their operation. For example in 2004, Hacker Hunters in Washington unleashed Operation Firewall in which they targeted members of the ShandowCrew tracking them through their website shandowcrew.com with the help of an informant from the group.   Hackers Hunters must therefore seek inside information from individuals in these groups in order to fight deter them. They are applying the same principles that were used in the 1960s to fight organized crime since both are similar in many aspects. Police Operations Police operations work in the same manner as hacker hunters.   In most cases, police operations are carried out by a special group within the police force and reinforce the work of hacker hunters.   For example in the above case, the Special Agents in the operation firewall got assistance from the local police forces.   Therefore police operations are important in pursuing cyber criminals to ensure security of information (Leyden, 2004). Unlike hacker hunters, police operations are carried out as fighting of routine crimes. This means that although there may be a special group carrying out police operations, it may not be entirely specialized in fighting cybercrime. In most countries, there are special internet police departments which are used in fighting internet crimes.   These police departments are entrusted with carrying out important functions like fighting cybercrime, censorship, propaganda, online scams, manipulation of online opinions, and others. However one of their most important duties is to work closely with hacker hunters in intervening and apprehending cyber criminals. Internet police departments also collaborate with other police departments in other countries in enforcing internet security laws and apprehending cyber criminals.   In the international front, Interpol has been important in enforcing international crimes. iii. Network Security Service Companies For many companies, proving information security is an expensive endeavor. Companies are not only required to install hardware and software devices, but they must also collaborate with authority to ensure information security. However, the growth of corporate resources in provision of secure business environment has made many information security methods inefficient and expensive (Lighthouse Security Group, 2009). For this reason, most companies are finding it appropriate to outsource comprehensive and streamlined network security services from Network Security Services Company. Network Security Service Companies have also become important in enforcing information security. These are companies which are specialized in providing services to enforce information security.   These companies offer Managed Security Services (MSS) which are security capabilities mostly outsourced by other companies. These services vary from supplementing of an existing security system to offering a complete new MSS where the Network Security Service Company is entrusted with information security. However, MSS is just one of the different types of managed services others including routing, hosting, LAN, VPN, and others.   Network Security Service Companies therefore offer specialized high quality network security services ensuring for many enterprises. Conclusion The increased incidence of breach of privacy of information has had negative impact on adoption of ICT services.   The emergence of e-commerce, e-banking, e-governance and other online services which required input of sensitive personal details have been affected by increased hacking of information. There are different methods that have been developed to increase information security mainly through the use of technology and network support on information security. Technological methods include authentication through password, token, biometrics; software including antivirus, content filtering, or encryption; and hardware through use of firewall techniques.   Network security support includes hacker hunters, police operations, and security services offered by network security service companies. Reference: Biham, E. & Shamir, A. (1991). Differential cryptanalysis of DES-like Cryptosystems. Journal of Cryptology, Vol. 4(1): 3-72 Dhillon, G. (2007). Principles of information systems security: text and cases. NY: John Wiley & Sons Down, M. P & Sands, R. (2004). Biometrics: An Overview of the Technology, Challenges and Control Considerations. Federal Computer Week, 21(13) Erin, B. (2005). Information security: Token. Boston, Technology Press Grow, B. & Bush, J. (2005). Hacker Hunters: An elite force takes on the dark side of computing.   Retrieved 28th April 2009 from http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_22/b3935001_mz001.htm Information Resources, (2009). Security tips: Password protection. Retrieved 28th April 2009 from http://www.utdallas.edu/ir/security/STpassword.htm Leyden, J. (2004). Enforcement is key in fighting cybercrime. Retrieved 28th April 2009 from http://www.crime-research.org/analytics/473/ Lighthouse Security Group, (2009). Enterprise security solutions. Retrieved 28th April 2009 http://www.lighthousecs.com/Practices/Enterprise-Security-Solutions/ McNab, C. (2004). Network Security Assessment. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Whitman, M. & Mattord, J. (2007). Management of information security. Boston, Technology Press